一年半以前,邓韩贝发起了 Consumer Pulse(消费者动向调查),这是一项全球性研究项目,旨在跟踪疫情期间消费者的态度变化。在此期间,我们了解到许多关于消费优先次序转变和消费需求改变的情况,以及各种导致消费者行为变化的复杂原因。
9 月初,我们发起了该系列的第七次研究,重点关注消费者是否认为最后一切都会“回到正轨”。虽然人们非常希望生活能恢复到疫情前的状态,但是,最新的消费者动向研究显示,消费者心知肚明这个过程会很漫长。
人们对疫情的焦虑虽然已经有所缓解,但是依然保持高度谨慎
根据我们“焦虑指数”调查的结果,总体来看,目前人们对于疫情的焦虑程度处于一年多以来的最低点。仅有五分之一的消费者对疫情有严重的恐惧心理,尤其是巴西和智利的消费者依然对疫情保持高度焦虑。
尽管人们的焦虑程度不断下降,但是并不意味着消费者认为一切已经完全恢复常态。 丹麦是唯一一个有超过一半的受访者认为生活已经恢复常态的国家,世界上大多数人仍然深切地觉得,购物体验在未来一段时间内都不会恢复到 2020 年以前的美好景象。
亚太地区的消费者尤其具有发言权。 来自澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、马来西亚和泰国的消费者最不认可一切已经恢复常态这个说法,这是因为就在第七次消费者动向调查的前几周,除马来西亚以外,这几个国家的感染人数迅速增加,达到年度最高值 [1],且澳大利亚等国家又进行了新一轮封锁。
商店的表现如何?
我们在疫情期间关注的一个指标是,消费者认为商店在应对疫情影响方面的表现如何。 尽管消费者最初表现出了高度信任(甚至在一些国家,人们认为超市应对疫情的能力要超过政府),但是显而易见,现在越来越少的人认为商店能有效的应对疫情,详情如下图所示。
尽管一些国家/地区的消费者信任度更高一些(60% 的爱尔兰消费者对商店表示满意,而这一比例在日本只有 16%),但是在很多国家/地区,消费者态度都经历了从积极到消极的巨大转变,这些国家/地区都有一个共同点:对疫情不够重视。 有一些消费者似乎很想回到常态,任何阻碍因素(如商店管制措施、未接种新冠疫苗的消费者)都会增加他们的不满。
未接种新冠疫苗的消费者令人担忧
随着全球应对疫情状况的演变,消费者动向调查结果也在不断变化。 最新一次调查中出现的一个全新指标与未接种新冠疫苗的消费者有关——具体说来,就是当这些人出门进行生活用品采购时,是否会引起其他人的忧虑。 尽管部分调查结果与全球疫苗接种情况相符,但是有些结果却出人意料。
墨西哥和哥伦比亚的消费者对此表现出的焦虑程度最高。这两个国家最新的疫苗接种数据显示,不足三分之一的居民完成了疫苗接种,只有约 50% 的人接种了第一针 [2], 这在一定程度上解释了这一结果。
难以解释的是,智利和英国居然位列表单前列:几乎四分之三的智利居民以及三分之二的英国人都已经完成了疫苗接种. 在智利,人们对疫情的总体担忧程度居高不下(38% 的人表示担忧),但是英国人的担忧程度却低得多(仅有 15%)。
尽管我们没有其他数据来充分解释为什么一些国家/地区的消费者比其他国家更为担忧,但是这些地区的零售商可以通过继续加强已经采取的防疫措施来更好的服务于消费者。 尤其是,我们注意到,认为商店能够有效应对疫情的消费者人数占比急剧下降,由最高点 60% 跌到只有 40%,此时做好防疫措施就显得更为重要。
无论是人们的感受,还是实际上,疫情的副作用正在开始显现
对于食品零售业来说,疫情初期的主要状态是混乱的——供应链问题和防疫措施使消费者的购物过程存在不确定性。从我们最近一次消费者动向调查的结果来看,相似的情况正在开始重现,但是出现的地点发生了一些变化。
全球约五分之一的消费者 (22%) 表示他们感觉收银台的队伍变得更长了。接近三分之一 (31%) 的消费者认为现在商品缺货的情况比以往更常见。
尽管人们最先想到的原因可能是员工短缺,但是我们也应该注意到,人们购物的频率也比以前更高了。消费者平均每周去商店的次数已经从去年三月的4.7次上升到如今的6.4次,这可能和商店变得比过去很长一段时间更忙的情况存在一些关联。
这可能对商品缺货有一定的影响,与此同时,供应链的问题也必须考虑进去。英国脱欧对英国和爱尔兰的供应链都产生了重大的影响[3], 这两个国家的供应链对商品缺货这个问题有着非常大的影响。 在美国,港口拥挤的状况也同样让人疲于应对 [4].
财务压力持续不断,但人们对价值的追求依然强烈
疫情期间的一个重要趋势就是消费者对价格的敏感度不断上升。 自消费者动向调查开展以来,许多受访者都表示自己在生活用品上的开销增加了,同时,他们也觉得食品价格上涨了。三分之一的消费者认为金钱的购买力不如以前。
同样,不同国家/地区之间也存在差别,很明显,对比欧洲地区的消费者,拉丁美洲地区的大部分消费者认为自己手头更拮据。
对抗财务问题的基本对策自然是价值最大化。 同样,这方面的数据很大程度上与我们过去的研究结果相一致,有超过三分之二的消费者仍然采取“价值追求”策略,例如到价格最低的商店购物,在网上寻找低价商品以及在大减价期间囤货。 自二月份以来,这类消费者行为就一直广泛存在。 然而,消费者使用的不同的“价值追求”策略的数量越来越多,这也意味着,所有零售商在定价时都必须认真考虑价格敏感度这个因素。
人们不再喜欢网络购物了吗?
最新研究表明,大约一半的人同时在网上和实体店购物,但是实体店依然占大多数,只有四分之一多一点的生活用品采购是纯粹在网上购买的。好消息是,网上购物的满意度与实体店购物的满意度持平,但是表示要增加网上购物频率的人正在减少,说明消费者行为正在逐渐向疫情前靠近。
最新的消费者动向调查给我们的启示
原有的焦虑正在被新的焦虑取代。 虽然与去年年底相比,消费者已经明显不那么担忧了,但是并不意味着人们相信一切都已回归正轨。 相反,消费者现在更关注疫情的“负面影响”,他们很快就会注意到越来越长的结账队伍、商品缺货现象,以及不断下降的防疫措施标准。
为了应对这种现状,零售商可能需要重新使用 2020 年初使用的一些策略,物流、库存、员工和安全等问题都是当时的关注重点。尽管疫情已经令人们感到筋疲力尽,但是“常态”似乎依然遥不可及。
[1] 数据来自约翰霍普金斯大学系统科学与工程中心 (CSSE) 新冠数据库
[2] Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. et al.. 新冠疫苗接种全球数据库。Nat Hum Behav (2021)
[3] 供应链问题——政府研究所,2021 年 9 月 10 日
[4] 在供应链中断期间,65 艘货船在美国最大港口外排成长队
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